The personal injury team at the BFP law firm specializes in every kind of personal injury case where the injury occurred on the territory of Poland. We have represented, and are still representing, hundreds of clients across Poland, as well as residents of other countries, that seek compensation for their injury resulting from medical negligence, road traffic accidents, aviation accidents, defective products, and others. [Read more.]

Jeśli kiedykolwiek miałeś kłopoty z uzyskaniem należnego odszkodowania od firmy ubezpieczeniowej po wypadku samochodowym, ta decyzja pomoże Ci wyjaśnić Twoje prawa.

 

 

24 września 2025 r. Sąd Najwyższy wydał istotną uchwałę (III CZP 32/24), która zmienia istotne aspekty sposobu obliczania odszkodowań z obowiązkowego ubezpieczenia OC posiadaczy pojazdów mechanicznych (OC komunikacyjne). Orzeczenie to porusza od dawna dyskutowane kwestie dotyczące ustalania kosztów naprawy, stosowania rabatów oferowanych przez partnerów ubezpieczycieli oraz opodatkowania podatkiem VAT w roszczeniach o odszkodowanie.

Hipotetyczne koszty naprawy a rzeczywiste naprawy

Pierwszy punkt rezolucji potwierdza, że ​​odszkodowanie może zostać ustalone na podstawie  hipotetycznych kosztów naprawy,  nawet jeśli poszkodowany podjął się naprawy pojazdu. Jest to istotne, ponieważ wzmacnia zasadę swobody wyboru osoby dochodzącej odszkodowania. Poszkodowany zachowuje prawo do odszkodowania odzwierciedlającego  niezbędne i uzasadnione  koszty naprawy, niezależnie od ostatecznie wybranej metody naprawy.

Dla praktyków oznacza to, że ubezpieczyciele nie mogą automatycznie obniżać odszkodowania tylko dlatego, że rzeczywiste koszty naprawy różnią się od szacunków eksperta. Sąd potwierdził, że naczelną zasadą jest prawo poszkodowanego do pełnego odszkodowania.

Rabaty dla partnerów ubezpieczeniowych i uzasadnione interesy

Drugim kluczowym problemem jest częsta praktyka ubezpieczycieli sugerujących zniżki na części zamienne i materiały lakiernicze dostępne za pośrednictwem warsztatów partnerskich lub dostawców. Sąd Najwyższy wyjaśnił, że takie zniżki mogą być uwzględniane przy obliczaniu odszkodowania  tylko wtedy, gdy  uzasadniony interes poszkodowanego nie wyklucza ich wykorzystania.

W praktyce oznacza to, że ubezpieczyciel może wskazać oszczędności możliwe do osiągnięcia dzięki sieciom partnerskim, ale nie może ich narzucić zgłaszającym roszczenia, jeśli na przykład proponowani dostawcy lub warsztaty są niedogodnie zlokalizowane, nie spełniają odpowiednich standardów jakości lub są z innych powodów nieodpowiednie. Priorytetem pozostaje pozycja i uzasadnione potrzeby zgłaszającego roszczenia.

VAT w odszkodowaniu za naprawy pojazdu

Trzeci element uchwały dotyczy podatku od wartości dodanej (VAT) od kosztów naprawy. Według Sądu Najwyższego, odszkodowanie z tytułu ubezpieczenia OC komunikacyjnego nie zawiera podatku VAT, jeśli poszkodowany dokonał już naprawy pojazdu, a zapłacona przez niego cena nie zawierała podatku VAT (np. dlatego, że naprawa została wykonana przez podmiot zwolniony z VAT). Innymi słowy, jeśli poszkodowany przedstawi fakturę za naprawę zawierającą podatek VAT, ubezpieczyciel musi zwrócić całą kwotę widniejącą na fakturze, łącznie z podatkiem VAT.

Praktyczne implikacje dla poszkodowanych

Niniejsza rezolucja stanowi krok naprzód w kierunku wzmocnienia ochrony poszkodowanych, zapewniając, że nie będą oni zmuszani do zawierania niekorzystnych ugód ani do akceptowania kalkulacji kosztów ustalanych przez ubezpieczyciela. W szczególności:

  • Osoby dochodzące roszczeń mogą opierać się na hipotetycznych szacunkach kosztów nawet po wykonaniu napraw.
  • Rabaty oferowane przez sieci ubezpieczycieli nie mogą automatycznie zmniejszyć odszkodowania — mogą mieć zastosowanie tylko wtedy, gdy jest to zgodne z interesami osoby ubiegającej się o odszkodowanie.
  • Poszkodowany może otrzymać pełne odszkodowanie, łącznie z podatkiem VAT, jeśli faktycznie zapłacił ten podatek jako część kosztów naprawy.

Z praktycznego punktu widzenia, decyzja ta powinna ograniczyć spory między ubezpieczycielami a osobami dochodzącymi odszkodowania, ułatwiając poszkodowanym uzyskanie godziwego odszkodowania. Dla prawników doradzających klientom w sprawach wypadków drogowych, orzeczenie to stanowi cenną argumentację w negocjacjach i sporach sądowych z ubezpieczycielami.

Cross-border personal injury cases involve many challenges. Sometimes one of the important factors in such case may be the social benefits that the injured party is entitled to. This might be straightforward in many cases, but what if the injured party moves to another country?

When it comes to Poland specifically, the social benefits system is quite complicated and difficult to navigate. There are dozens of potentially applicable benefits for, for example, those with disability certificates, with varying requirements and limitations. Discussing them all is far beyond the scope of a blog post, but below is a concise overview of some of the more relevant ones:

1. Pension for total incapacity for work (renta z tytułu niezdolności do pracy)

This benefit is available to persons recognised as completely unable to work. It serves as a partial replacement of lost earnings. It is already being received by the individual in the case at hand.

2. Support allowance (świadczenie wspierające)

This benefit is linked to an assessment of “support needs” carried out by the provincial disability assessment team. The score (70–100 points required) determines eligibility and the amount. Payment ranges from 40% to 220% of the social pension (currently approx. PLN 1,879 gross per month). An application must be submitted, and eligibility is not automatic, even for those with a disability certificate.

3. Care allowance (zasiłek pielęgnacyjny)

Granted, among others, to persons over 16 with a certificate of severe disability. The current monthly amount is PLN 215.84. It is intended to offset the costs of care and assistance.

4. Special carer’s benefit (specjalny zasiłek opiekuńczy)

This scheme was closed to new applicants as of 1 January 2024. However, persons who obtained entitlement before that date may continue to receive it until the end of their approved period. It was granted to close relatives (including spouses) who refrained from employment in order to provide constant care, subject to strict income thresholds. For those that continue to receive it, the amount is PLN 620 per month.

One of the key takeaways for cross-border cases is that, with the exception of the (now sunset) special carer’s benefit, the schemes mentioned above are all paid directly to the disabled person. Of course, there are many other benefits in the Polish social security system, but it can be said that since the January 2024 legislation changes, granting benefits directly to the disabled person, rather than to their carer/family member, is a fairly clear trend.

 

Changes in insurance

The Act of 13.09.2024 on the amendment of the Act on Compulsory Insurance, the Insurance Guarantee Fund and the Polish Motor Insurers’ Bureau and the Act on Insurance and Reinsurance Activity amended the existing insurance regulations by implementing Directive 2009/103/EC of the European Parliament and of the European Council of 16.09.2009 on insurance against civil liability in respect of the use of motor vehicles and the enforcement of the obligation to insure against such liability. The aim of the new legislation is to provide better protection for victims.

Increase of guarantee amounts in insurance

The main purpose of the changes was to increase the minimum guarantee sums to:
– PLN 29,876,400 in respect of one event the consequences of which are covered regardless of the number of victims – in the case of personal injury;
– PLN 6,021,600 in respect of one event the effects of which are covered regardless of the number of victims – in the case of damage to property.

What in the case of insolvency of the insurer?

In accordance with the new regulations, the injured party or party entitled to compensation, having their place of residence or seat in the territory of the Republic of Poland, may submit to the Polish Motor Insurers’ Bureau a claim under the compulsory third party liability insurance of holders of motor vehicles, resulting from an event which occurred in the territory of a European Union Member State other than the Republic of Poland or a third country and was caused by the movement of a motor vehicle the holder of which concluded a contract of third party liability insurance of holders of motor vehicles with an insurance undertaking having its seat in a European Union Member State against which bankruptcy or liquidation proceedings have been initiated. The Polish Motor Insurers’ Bureau will be responsible for payment of compensation to persons injured as a result of events which took place in the territory of another EU country or a third country in the case of insolvency of the insurer.

In addition, from now on, national insurance companies are obliged to pay contributions to the Insolvency Fund in order to protect victims against the insurer’s insolvency, and the Insurance Guarantee Fund and the Polish Motor Insurers’ Bureau are obliged to make available on their websites information on the possible ways of pursuing claims in the performance of their statutory tasks, together with instructions on the possibility of pursuing claims through the courts.

In 2018, the Insurance Guarantee Fund (UFG), in cooperation with the Polish Motor Insurers’ Bureau, developed a solution that allows insurers to access important data from police notes regarding road traffic accidents, including the time, place, circumstances, drivers, and vehicles involved.

Today insurers have access to an even wider range of data, including information on injuries, fatalities, and driving privileges. Insurers will also learn whether the drivers were in a state after the use of alcohol, in a state of insobriety, or after using narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances or substitutes – as defined by the Act of Law of 29 July 2005 on Counteracting Drug Addiction. As the UFG points out, this is important for the market because incidents that occur when under the influence are excluded from the insurer’s liability.

The extended data scope applies to road traffic incidents that occur from 29 September 2023. The UFG tool provides access to police notes data only for insurance companies with whom the holders or drivers of the vehicles involved in the incident have entered into a contract of insurance.

 

Have you suffered damage during treatment? The first thing you need to do is get medical records from a medical facility in which you were treated, which will allow you to analyze the course of your treatment, assess its correctness, and determine issues such as, in particular, whether you have given proper consent to the treatment.

Before you file a possible lawsuit to the Polish court, you must try to resolve the dispute out of court. For this purpose, you should call the hospital, other medical facility or the doctor and their insurers for payment, provided that you have received information about the insurer’s details. The insurer will always ask you for medical records from your treatment. It is necessary for the insurer to analyze the case and the validity of your claims under the so-called ‘settlement proceedings’.

Who can make the request?

Medical records must be made available to the following entities upon request:

 

  • to the patient;
  • the patient’s legal representative;
  • a person authorized by the patient.

 

Therefore, the patient’s medical records are made available to him upon his request. The child’s medical records should be made available to his or her parents or guardian, and in the case of a partially incapacitated person – to the curator, and in the case of a completely incapacitated person – to his or her guardian.

What happens after patient’s death?

When referring to the provision of medical records to a person authorized by the patient, it should be emphasized that this authorization remains legally valid even after the patient’s death.

The issue of sharing medical records after the patient’s death has been regulated separately. In such a situation, access to documentation should be provided upon request:

  • a person authorized by the patient during his lifetime;
  • the person who was the patient’s legal representative at the time of the patient’s death;
  • a close person, unless another close person objects to the disclosure or the patient objected to it during his or her lifetime.

 

Difficult situations

Unfortunately the law does not regulate all possible situations. For example, a question can be asked: who can request access to the medical records of a patient in a vegetative or comatose state who has not previously authorized anyone to access the records at the medical facility from which we want to obtain them? According to the case law, it is assumed that if such a patient has ever submitted such an authorization, even in another medical facility, it remains in force and may constitute the basis for making medical records from another facility available to the person for whom it was established. In the Online Patient Account provided for patients in Poland (IKP), anyone can authorize any person to access medical records – this is the best protection for the situation described above.

 

Deadline for the issuance of medical records

At the request of the entitled person, medical documentation should be made available immediately.

So much for the theory. And what does it look like in practice? Unfortunately, it often happens that a patient or other authorized person waits much longer than required by law for access to medical records. How can this be remedied? Unfortunately, there is no quick and effective method. One of our clients waited eight months for his medical records to be made available to him before he sought help from our law firm.

 

Special solutions

Due to the fact that the right to access medical records is a patient’s right, a person authorized to access medical records may contact the Patient Ombudsman to initiate explanatory proceedings. If the Patient Ombudsman finds a violation of the patient’s right in the above respect, he or she may submit a complaint to the entity providing health services in whose activities he or she found a violation of the patient’s right to access medical records. The entity providing health services is obliged to immediately, but no later than within 30 days, inform the Ombudsman about the actions taken or the position taken. In an ideal world, it should therefore provide medical documentation to the authorized person and inform the Ombudsman about it.

What if the medical facility still doesn’t do it? There is one more legal way available – it is possible to file a complaint to the administrative court about the inaction of a medical facility in providing medical records. The court may oblige the medical facility to provide medical records within a specified period, as well as impose a fine or award the complainant from the medical facility a sum of money specified in the regulations.

Dr. iur. Anna Miśtal-Kluś